6. Appendices

The appendices to the report give further detail on key international and regional partnerships, laws and policies, governmental and non-governmental actors concerning the SBE; lists the full range of issues identified by stakeholders in the Trinidad and Tobago Coastal Zone; and provides data charts illustrating the full results of the survey discussed above.

Use the links below to skip to individual appendices.

 

Appendix 1: Key International and Regional Partnerships Relevant to the SBE

Collaborations and partnerships

  • Association of Small Island States (AOSIS)
  • Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism
  • CARICOM
  • CLME+ Coordinating Mechanism
  • Regional Marine Pollution Emergency, Information and Training Centre – Caribe

Agreements and initiatives

  • Commonwealth Blue Charter
  • The Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment in the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)
  • Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities
  • Protocol Concerning Co-operation and Development in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider Caribbean Region 
  • Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) in the Wider Caribbean Region
  • CARICOM Energy Policy
  • Caribbean Sustainable Tourism Policy Framework
  • SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway
  • MoUs on energy sector co-operation with the governments of Barbados, Grenada, Guyana and Republic of Haiti

 

Appendix 2: Key Laws and Policies Related to the Blue Economy

Legislation

  • Fisheries Act of Trinidad and Tobago (1916)
  • National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Trinidad and Tobago (2017–2022)
  • Marine Areas (Preservation and Enhancement) Act (1970)
  • Conservation of Wildlife Act (Chapter 67:03) amended by 31 of (1980)
  • Forest Act (1915) and the Forest Amendment Act (1999)
  • Environmental Management Act (2000)
  • Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) Rules (2001)
  • Environmentally Sensitive Species (ESS) Rules (2001)
  • Tourism Development Act (2000) – Amendment 2006 (tax exemptions)
  • Control of Importation of Live Fish Act (1954) – (updated 2016)
  • Shipping Act (1987)
  • Shipping (Ship and Port Facility Security) Regulations (2004)
  • Fishing Industry (Assistance) Act (1955)
  • Water and Sewerage Act (1980)
  • Waterworks and Water Conservation Act (1944)
  • The Litter Act (1981)
  • Water Pollution Rules (2019) (Amendment 2007)
  • Oil Pollution of Territorial Waters Act (1951)
  • Toxic Chemicals Act (2007)
  • The Land Acquisition Act (1994)
  • Town and Country Planning Act (Act 21 of 1990)
  • Planning and Facilitation of Development Act, Act 10 of (2014)
  • Minerals Act (2000)
  • Continental Shelf Act (1969)
  • Territorial Sea Act 1969 (amended 1986)
  • Archipelagic Waters and Exclusive Economic Zone Act (1986)

Policies

  • Vision 2030 National Development Strategy – 2016–2030
  • Recovery Roadmap for Trinidad and Tobago Post Covid-19 Pandemic (2020)
  • Comprehensive Economic Development Plan for Tobago: Clean, Green, Safe and Serene (2006)
  • Tobago Roadmap to Recovery: Recommendations for rebuilding the Tobago society in 2020
  • National Environmental Policy (2018)
  • National Forest Policy (2011)
  • National Wildlife Policy (2013)
  • Certificate of Environmental Clearance Rules (2001)
  • Trinidad and Tobago National Protected Areas Policy (2011)
  • The National Policy and Programmes on Wetland Conservation for Trinidad and Tobago (2002)
  • Environmental Management Authority National Environment Policy (2017) (draft)
  • National Oil Spill Contingency Plan of Trinidad and Tobago (2013)
  • Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Trinidad and Tobago (2018)
  • National Climate Change Policy (2019)
  • Strategy for Reduction of Carbon Emissions in Trinidad and Tobago for 2040 (2015)
  • National Solid Waste or Resource Management Policy (2012)
  • National Waste Recycling Policy (2015)
  • National Tourism Policy 2021–2030
  • Aquaculture Strategic Plan: A Framework for Sustainable Development in Trinidad and Tobago 2018–2023
  • National Spatial Development Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago (2013)
  • Trinidad and Tobago Trade Policy 2019–2023
  • Yachting Policy of Trinidad and Tobago 2017–2021
  • National Policy on Gender and Development of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (2018)

Laws and policies currently in draft

Shipping (Marine Pollution) Bill

Ecotourism Policy

Community Tourism Policy

Laws and policies currently passing through parliament

  • The draft National Maritime Policy and Strategy (NMPS) (2021): before cabinet for approval
  • The Shipping Bill (2019): currently before a joint select committee of the parliament
  •  The Fisheries Management Bill (2020):  lapsed on 3 July 2020
  • The Draft Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy Framework (ICZM) (2020): before the cabinet for approval

 

Appendix 3: Issues Identified by Stakeholders in the Trinidad and Tobago Coastal Zone

Issues identified by stakeholders in the coastal zone of Trinidad and Tobago as part of the stakeholder consultation conducted during the development of the Draft ICZM Policy Framework 2020.

Sector/activities Issues

Oil and gas

Oil spills; loss of productive fishing grounds; dumping of drilling mud; seismic survey impact on fisheries; mangrove destruction; user conflicts; restrictions imposed on fishermen in areas where oil spill response activities or rig operations are in progress; contamination of shoreline/beaches.

Shipping and maritime transport

Abandonment of derelict vessels; pollution from ships; maritime traffic management; excessive speed of vessels and jet skis; reclamation for port development and associated dredging; underdeveloped/under-utilised transport linkages; ballast water discharge; use of harmful anti-fouling paints.

Fisheries

Overfishing; lack of knowledge on fish stock/observed decline in fish stock; harmful fishing practices; lack of infrastructure for the fishing sector (landing sites, storage, fish processing facilities and so on); illegal fishing by foreigners; piracy; bycatch of turtles and associated damage to fishing nets; ghost fishing by discarded nets, invasive species.

Agriculture

Deforestation; pollution – fertilisers, animal waste and sediment pollution.

Mining

Deforestation; sand mining; sediment pollution.

Built development

Lack of regulations on building set-backs; unplanned/unregulated development; land tenure; land reclamation; loss of mangroves and seagrass beds; coral reef destruction; loss of public access to the coast; lack of facilities on beaches; conflicts at and destruction of cultural and heritage sites; pollution – domestic and solid waste.

Tourism

Damage to coastal ecosystems; domestic and solid waste pollution; loss of public access to beaches; user conflicts.

 

 

Appendix 4: Government Departments and Agencies with a Role in the SBE

  • Ministry of Planning and Development
    • Institute of Marine Affairs
    • Environmental Management Authority
    • Town and Country Planning Division
  • Ministry of Works and Transport
  • Maritime Services Division
  • Ministry of Trade and Industry
  • Ministry of Finance
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries (Fisheries Division)
  • Ministry of Tourism
  • Ministry of National Security
  • Ministry of Sport
  • Ministry of Education
  • Tobago House of Assembly including:
    • Department of Marine Resources and Fisheries
    • Department of the Environment
    • Department of Natural Resources and Forestry
    • Department of Tourism
    • Community-Based Environmental Protection and Enhancement Programme (CEPEP)

 

Appendix 5: List of Key SBE Non-Governmental Actors

  • The Shipping Association of Trinidad & Tobago
  • Trinidad and Tobago Pilots’ Association
  • Port Authority of Trinidad and Tobago
  • Port Lisas Industrial Port Development Corporation Limited
  • The Energy Chamber of Trinidad and Tobago
  • Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission
  • American Chamber of Commerce of Trinidad and Tobago (AmCham T&T)
  • Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce
  • Community Chambers of Commerce
  • Chaguaramas Development Authority
  • Municipal Corporations of Trinidad and Tobago
  • San Fernando Waterfront Redevelopment Project and San Fernando City Corporation
  • Association of Upstream Operators of Trinidad and Tobago
  • Bankers Association of Trinidad & Tobago
  • Trinidad and Tobago United Fisherfolk (TUFF)
  • All Tobago Fisherfolk Association
  • Fish Processing Company of Tobago
  • Trinidad and Tobago Solid Waste Management Company (SWMCOL)
  • Water and Sewage Authority (WASA)
  • Water Resources Agency
  • Agricultural Cooperative Societies and Farming Associations
  • Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago
  • National Agricultural Marketing and Development Corporation (NAMDEVCO)
  • Council of Presidents of the Environment (COPE)
  • CANARI
  • Environment Tobago
  • Movement for Social Justice (MSJ)
  • Caribbean Youth Environment Network (CYEN)
  • The University of the West Indies
  • The University of Trinidad and Tobago
  • Turtle Village Trust
  • Bucco Reef Trust
  • Tobago Hotel Association
  • Tobago Hospitality and Tourism Institute
  • Trinidad Hotels, Restaurants and Tourism Association
  • Trinidad Ltd and Tobago Ltd
  • Yachting Association of Trinidad and Tobago
  • Association of Tobago Dive Operators (ATDO)
  • The National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago

Appendix 6: Survey Responses

Leadership

Figure A.1:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Are there high-level statements (e.g. from a minister or PM) in support of a blue economy?’

 

Figure A.2:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Have any blue economy meetings or conferences been held in the country?’

 

Figure A.3:  Participant responses to the question, ‘How much follow-up was there in your estimation?’ ​

 

Institutional infrastructure & culture

Figure A.4:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Is there a government ministry/department/agency/office responsible for SBE transition?’

Across the six ‘yes’ responses, when asked which department/ministry was responsible for SBE transition, there was no consensus. Responses included the Ministry for Planning and Development (2); the Ministry for Sustainable Development (2); the Fisheries Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries (1); and the Institute of Marine Affairs/Environmental Management Authority (1).

 

Figure A.5:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Are there any ministerial or agency-level committees or fora in place to support cross-sectoral collaboration?

 

Figure A.6:  Participant responses to the question, ‘In your view, are existing government structures sufficient to deliver a transition to an SBE?’

When asked what more might be needed, suggestions included:

  • multi-stakeholder committee with a mandate role and responsibilities;
  • greater focus on sustainable development at a national level;
  • a clear SBE strategy; and
  • improved public awareness/education.

 

Laws and policies

Figure A.7:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Are there policies, regulations or other guidelines in place that directly support a blue economy approach, such as a national oceans policy or blue economy roadmap (or preliminary scoping study)?’

 

Figure A.8:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Are there additional laws, policies, plans or programmes being discussed/developed that address the blue economy?’

 

Figure A.9:  Participant responses to the question, ‘As far as you are aware, is the ocean considered in plans and policies across other sectors related to the blue economy (i.e. climate, tourism, gender, health, education, research and development)?

 

Planning and management

Figure A.10:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Is there related policy or legislation that would support an SBE, e.g. requiring the implementation of marine spatial planning (MSP) or integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)?’

 

Sustainable finance

Figure A.11:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Are any incentives, such as subsidies, tax incentives or co-investment provided to encourage sustainable development in the marine area?’

 

Stakeholder engagement and coalitions

Figure A.12:  Participant responses to the question, ‘In your view, how well does government engage with non-government organisations in the SBE?’

 

Data and monitoring

Figure A.13:  Participant responses to the question, ‘Have the following key data needs been identified?’

 

Figure A.14:  Participant responses to the question, ‘To what extent are data needs being met for economic components of sustainability?’

 

Figure A.15:  Participant responses to the question, ‘To what extent are data needs being met for social components of sustainability?’

 

Figure A.16:  Participant responses to the question, ‘To what extent are data needs being met for environmental components of sustainability?’

 

     

    Appendix 7: UNEP SBE Transition Framework Overview

    Figure A. 17:  High-level overview of the SBE-TF including the guiding principles, phases, timeline and cross-cutting enabling actions.  

    A flow chart that illustrates a high-level overview of the SBE-TF, including the guiding principles, phases, timeline and cross-cutting enabling actions

    Source: UNEP report (forthcoming 2023)

    Phases and specific activities of the SBE-TF

    Phase  

    Example activities 

    Understanding the system 

    Policy and institutional assessment and gap analysis 

    Economic baseline 

    Social baseline 

    Environmental baseline 

    Stakeholder analysis 

    Understanding system links and dynamics 

    Strategic policy development 

    Developing an SBE vision 

    Policy development 

    Sector planning 

    Public expenditure planning and sustainable finance 

    SBE integrated policy 

    Delivering change 

    Integrated marine management 

    Knowledge and innovation 

    Capacity-building 

    Monitoring and evaluation 

    Review and adaptation 

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